In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.
Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.
LESSON 19 VERB FORMS
- In the Quran, verbs and other words that denote related semantic concepts, are formed through a system known as derivation.
- The basic rule of derivation is that nearly all words are derived from a three root ( trilateral ) or a four root ( quadrilateral ) pattern system.
- The Arabic letters ف, ع, ل are typically used as placeholders in verb patterns to denote three different radical letters, since فَعَلَ is a prototypical verb that means "to do" or "to act".
- Using derivation system of roots and patterns, nouns and verbs are derived in an almost mathematical way, leaving little room for confusion as to the desired meaning of the word.
- These derived forms allow for the language to reflect the state of how a particular action ( i.e. a verb ) was performed.
- Kindly see Table 53 and Table 54 below for the derived forms of the trilateral verbs and quadrilateral verbs respectively.
TABLE 53 TRILITERAL VERB FORMS
FORM | DERIVED VERB | MEANING | VERBAL ROOT | ENGLISH | DERIVED VERB | ENGLISH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | أَفْعَلَ
af’ala |
Causing an act | جَلَسَ
jalasa |
to sit | أَجْلَسَ ajlasa | to make one sit |
II | فَعَّلَ fa’a’ala | An act is done with intensity or to make one do. | عَلِمَ
‘alima |
to know | عَلَّمَ ‘allama | to teach |
III | فَاعَلَ
faa’ala |
The effort to perform the act upon the object. | قَتَلَ qatala | to kill | قَاتَلَ qaatala | to try to kill |
IV | تَفَعَّلَ
tafa’a’ala |
Adds reflexive force to the original verb | كَسَرَ kasara | to break | تَكَسَّرَ takassara | to be broken into pieces |
V | تَفَاعَلَ
tafaa’ala |
Reflexive action | قَتَلَ qatala | to kill | تَقَاتَلَ taqaatala | to fight one another |
VI | إِفْتَعَلَ
ifta’ala |
To make oneself do | جَنَبَ janaba | to set apart | إِجْتَنَبَ ijtanaba | to avoid |
VII | إِنْفَعَلَ
infa’ala |
Reflexive signification, generally used as a passive | فَطَرَ fatara | to create | إِنْفَطَرَ infatara | to be split |
VIII | إِفْعَلَّ
if’alla |
Used to express colours and defects | حَمَّرَ hammara | to redden | إِحْمَرَّ ihmarra | to become red |
IX | إِفْعَالَّ
if’aalla |
Used to express colours | دَهَّمَ dahhama | to blacken | إِدْهَامَّ idhaamma | to be black |
X | إِسْتَفْعَلَ
istaf’ala |
Reflexive signification and is used when an object is sought. | نَصَرَ nasara | to help | إِسْتَنْصَرَ istansara | to call for help |
TABLE 54 QUADRILITERAL VERB FORMS
FORM | DERIVED VERB | MEANING | VERBAL ROOT | ENGLISH | DERIVED VERB | ENGLISH | s
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | فَعْلَلَ fa’lala | The basic quadriliteral verb form with four radical root letters. | دَحْرَجَ dahraja | to roll | - | - |
II | تَفَعْلَلَ
tafa’lala |
Adds reflexive force to the original verb | دَحْرَجَ dahraja | to roll | تَدَحْرَجَ tadahraja | to roll down |
III | إِفْعَنْلَلَ
if’anlala |
Reflexive signification, is usually intransitive | حَرْجَمَ harjama | to translate | إِحْرَنْجَمَ ihranjama | to translate |
IV | إِفْعَلَلَّ
if’alalla |
This form has a stative meaning | قَشْعَرَ qash’ara | shiver | إِقْشَعَرَّ iqsha’arra | to be in a state of shivering |
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