Lesson 12

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 12 PARTICLES - HARFUN

1. A particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e. it does not have its own lexical definition.
2. All 80 particles are mabni words i.e. they remain static or stationary in their original form under all the varied conditions.
3. 63 of them are accusative i.e. they change the ending of the words that come after them and 17 are non-accusative.
4. Harfun are divided into many categories. Kindly see table 25 below for some of the most common particles in the Al- Quran.

TABLE 25 COMMON PARTICLES

NO	CATEGORY	HARFUN			ENGLISH
1)	حُرُوفُ الْجَرٌ ( Huruful Jar ) A preposition : is accusative is followed by a noun causes the noun that follows it to end with a kasrah i.e. it makes its ending majrur or the genitive case is the most encountered category in the Al- Quran.	i	مِنْ	min	from
		ii	إِلَى	ila	to, towards
		iii	عَنْ	‘an	from, about
		iv	عَلَى	‘ala	on, upon
		v	فِىْ	fi	in
		vi	بِ	bi	with
		vii	لِ	li	for
		viii	رُبَّ	rubba	may be
		ix	كَ	ka	like, as
2)	حُرُوفُ الْنَصَبٌ Huruful Nasab : is accusative causes the word that follows it to end with a fathah i.e. it makes its ending mansub or the accusative case	i	أنْ	an	that
		ii	لَنْ	lan	certainly not
		iii	إِذَنْ	izan	in that case
		iv	كَى	kai	in order that
3)	حُرُوفُ الْعَطَفٌ ( Huruful ‘Atof ) A coordinating conjunction : connects two words, phrases or clauses together causes two words which are related through it to have the same case ending.	i	وَ	wa	and
		ii	أَوْ	au	or
		iii	فَ	fa	then
		iv	أَمْ	am	or
		v	ثُمَّ	thumma	and then
4)	حُرُوفُ الْجَزَمٌ Huruful Jazam is accusative causes the verb that follows it to end with a sukun i.e. it makes its ending majzum or vowelless.	i	لَمْ	lam	not
		ii	لَمَّا	lamma	never
		iii	لِ أمر	lam amar	lam of command
		iv	لَا نهى	lam nahi	lam of prohibition
		v	إِنْ	in	if
5)	حُرُوفُ الْنِدَاءٌ (Huruful Nida’) A vocative particle : is accusative is followed by a noun causes the noun that follows it to end with a fathah i.e. it makes its ending mansub or the accusative case	i	يَا	yaa	O
		ii	أَ	a	hey
		iii	اَيَّا	aiyaa	O
6)	حُرُوفُ الْإِسْتِثْنَاءٌ ( Huruful Istisna’ ) An exceptive particle : is accusative is followed by a noun causes the noun that follows it to end with a fathah i.e. it makes its ending mansub or the accusative case	i	إِلَّا	illa	except
		ii	غَيْرُ	ghairu	not, other than
		iii	سِوَى	siwa	except
		iv	لَيْسَ	laisa	not
7)	الْتَوْكِيدٌ حُرُوفُ ( Huruful Taukid ) An emphatic particle : is accusative is used to add emphasis	i	إِنَّ	inna	indeed
		ii	أَنَّ	anna	that
		iii	قَدْ	qad	indeed
		iv	لَ	la	surely

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