Lesson 18

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 18 NOUNS DERIVED FROM VERBS

Arab Grammarians have classified nouns into three groups, which are as follows :

1. إِسْمٌ اَلْمَصْدَرُ( ism almasdar ), ‘the verbal noun’. Its features are :
1. it expresses the verbal idea in the form of a noun.
2. it is the root of a word from which proceed the verb and its derivatives.
3. the radical letters of verbs are adopted from it.
Kindly see Table 45 below for some examples.
TABLE 45 ISM ALMASDAR

No	ISM ALMASDAR	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
a	فَتْحٌ	fathun	opening
b	فَرَحٌ	farahun	happiness
c	مَرَضٌ	maradhun	malady



2. إِسْمٌ اَلْجَامِدُ( ism aljamid ) is a noun which is ‘incapable of growth’ or ‘stationary’ i.e. it is neither derived from any word nor any word is derived from it. Kindly see Table 46 below for some examples.

TABLE 46 ISM ALJAMID

No	ISM ALJAMID	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
a	رَجُلٌ	rajulun	man
b	فَرَسٌ	farasun	horse



3. إِسْمٌ اَلْمُشْتَقُ( ism almushtaq ) is a noun which is derived from a verbal root. There are six forms of such nouns, which are as follows :
1. إِسْمٌ اَلْفَاعِلُ( ism alfa’il ), the active participle, denotes the person who does the act. Kindly see Table 47 below for some examples.

TABLE 47 ISM ALFA’IL

No	FI’IL MADHI	ENGLISH	ISM ALFA’IL	ENGLISH
a	فَعَلَ fa’ala	He did.	فَاعِلٌ fa’ilun	A doer
b	كَتَبَ kataba	He wrote.	كَاتِبٌ katibun	A writer



2. إِسْمٌ اَلْمَفْعُوْلُ (ism almaf’ul), the passive participle, denotes the person or a thing towards which the action is extended. Kindly see Table 48 below for some examples.

TABLE 48 ISM ALMAF’UL

No	FI’IL MADHI	ENGLISH	ISM ALMAF’UL	ENGLISH
a	فَعَلَ fa’ala	He did.	مَفْعُوْلٌ maf’ulun	A thing done
b	كَتَبَ kataba	He wrote.	مَكْتُوْبٌ maktubun	written



3. اَلصِّفَةُ اَلْمُشَبِهَةُ بِإِسْمِ اَلْفَاعِلُ ( assifat almushabihat bi-ism alfa’il ), are adjectives which are assimilated to the active participle. They are formed from the intransitive verb and express a quality inherent and permanent in a person or thing without limitation. They are used to convey a certain degree of intensity. Kindly see Table 49 below for some examples.

TABLE 49 ASSIMILATED ADJECTIVES

No	VERB	ENGLISH	ASSIMILATED ADJECTIVES	ENGLISH
a	صَلُبَ soluba	harden	صُلْبُ sulbu	hard
b	سَوَّدَ sauwada	blacken	اَ سْوَدْ aswad	black



4. تَفْضِيْلٌ إِسْمٌ ( ism tafdhil ), the noun of pre-eminence, is used to illustrate the degrees of comparison. Kindly see Table 50 below for some examples.

TABLE 50 ISM TAFDHIL

No	ADJECTIVES	ENGLISH	ISM TAFDHIL	ENGLISH
a	سَرِيْعٌ sari’un	fast	أَ سْرَعُ asra’u	faster
b	قَرِيْبٌ qaribun	near	أَقْرَبُ aqrabu	nearer



5. اَلْاَلَةٌإِسْمٌ ( ism al-alat ), the noun of instrument, denotes the instrument that one uses in performing the act ( expressed by a verb ). It has three different forms. Kindly see Table 51 below for some examples.

TABLE 51 ISM AL-ALAT

No	FI’IL MADHI	ENGLISH	ISM AL-ALAT		ENGLISH
a	فَعَلَ fa’ala	He did	-		-
b	زَرَعَ zara’a	He cultivated	مِفْعَلٌ mif’alun	مِزْرَعٌ mizra’un	A plough
c	كَنَسَ kanasa	He swept	مِفْعَلَةٌ mif’alatun	مِكْنَسَةٌ miknasatun	A broom
d	فَتَحَ fataha	He opened	مِفْعَالٌ mif’aalun	مِفْتَاحٌ miftahun	A key



6. إِسْمٌ ظَرْفٌ ( ism zorf ), a noun of time or place, which indicates the time or place ofoccurrence of the act. Kindly see Table 52 below for some examples.

TABLE 52 ISM ZORF

No	VERB	ENGLISH	ISM ZORF	ENGLISH
a	سَجَدَ sajada	He prostrated. ( in prayer )	مَسْجِدٌ masjid	mosque ( where prayer is offered )
b	شُرُوْقٌ shuruq	Sun rose	مَشْرِقٌ mashriq	east ( where the sun rises )

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Lesson 17

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 17 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1. The verb in the active voice is called by the Arab Grammarians اَلْمَعْرُوْفُ ( اَلْمَعْلُوْمُ ) فَاعِلَهٌ اَلْفِعْلُ [ alfi’lu alma’ruf ( alma’lum ) fa’ilah ], the action of which the agent is known.
2. The agent, whose act affects an object, is the subject, فَاعِلٌ ( faʿil ) of the active voice.
3. The object of such verb is called مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ ( maf’ulun bih ).
4. The verb in the passive voice is called اَلْفِعْلُ اَلْمَجْهُوْلُ فَاعِلَهٌ ( alfi’lu almajhul fa’ilah ), the action of which the agent is unknown.
5. Unlike in English, the passive is not used in Arabic when the agent of the act is expressed. A passive sentence in English such as “ A letter was written by Zaki ” would become كَتَبَ ذَكِيٌ اَلرِّسَالَةُ( kataba zakiyun arrisalah ) in Arabic i.e. “ Zaki wrote the letter ”.
6. The passive is formed from the active by a change of vowels.
7. In the perfect tense, the first radical takes ُ ( dhommah ), the second radical takes ِ ( kasrah )and the third radical remains unchanged. Kindly see Table 42 below.

TABLE 42 THE PERFECT TENSE

No	ACTIVE اَلْمَعْرُوْفُ	ENGLISH	PASSIVE اَلْمَجْهُوْلُ	ENGLISH
1)	فَعَلَ fa’ala	He did	فُعِلَ fu’ila	He was done
2)	ضَرَبَ daraba	He beat.	ضُرِبَ duriba	He was beaten
3)	سَمِعَ sami’a	He heard.	سُمِعَ sumi’a	He was heard.



8. In the imperfect tense, the sign of the imperfect takes ُ ( dhommah ), the second radical takes َ ( fathah ) and the third radical remains unchanged. Kindly see Table 43 below.

TABLE 43 THE IMPERFECT TENSE

No	ACTIVE اَلْمَعْرُوْفُ	ENGLISH	PASSIVE اَلْمَجْهُوْلُ	ENGLISH
1)	يَفْعَلُ yaf’alu	He is doing.	يُفْعَلُ yuf’alu	He is being done.
2)	يَضْرِبُ yadribu	He is beating.	يُضْرَبُ yudrabu	He is being beaten.
3)	يَسْمَعُ yasma’u	He is hearing.	يُسْمَعُ yusma’u	He is being heard



9. The following table 44 shows the difference between active and passive sentences.

TABLE 44 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

No	TYPES	EXAMPLES	ENGLISH
1)	ACTIVE اَلْمَعْرُوْفُ	زَرَاَ اَلْفَلَاحُ اَلْقُطْنَ zara-a alfalahu alqutna	The peasant cultivated cotton.
2)	PASSIVE اَلْمَجْهُوْلُ	زُرِاَ اَلْقُطْنُ zuri-a alqutnu	Cotton was cultivated.



10. The active sentence is analysed thus :
1. زَرَاَ is the active verb, اَلْمَعْرُوْفُ فَاعِلَهٌ اَلْفِعْلُ
2. اَلْفَلَاحُ is the subject or doer, فَاعِلٌ
3. اَلْقُطْنَ is the object, مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ
11. The passive sentence is analysed thus :
1. زُرِاَ is the passive verb, اَلْفِعْلُ اَلْمَجْهُوْلُ فَاعِلَهٌ
2. اَلْقُطْنُ is the substitute of the doer , نَائِبٌ فَاعِلٌ ( naib fa’il ).
12. The subject فَاعِلٌ ( faʿil ) and نَائِبٌ فَاعِلٌ ( naib fa’il ) must always be in the nominative case, مَرْفُوْعٌ ( marfuʿ), and any objects مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ ( maf’ulun bih ) must always be in the accusative case مَنْصُوْبٌ ( manṣub ).
13. A transitive verb, مُتَعَدِّي ( muta’addi ) is a verb that denotes an action which passes over from the doer or subject to an object. The verb زَرَاَ ( cultivated ) in the example above is a transitive verb.
14. An intransitive verb, on the other hand, expresses a state or condition or signifies an act which is confined to the subject. For example in the sentence جَلَسَ اَلْوَلَدُ عَلَى اَلْكُرْسِيٌ ( jalasa alwaladu ‘ala alkursi ), meaning “The boy sat on the chair”, جَلَسَ ( jalasa ) is an intransitive verb.
15. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice.

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Lesson 16

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 16 MOODS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE

1. The imperfect tense, مُضَارِعٌ فِعْلٌ ( fi’il mudhori’ ) denotes unfinished action.
2. It may be made to indicate the distant future by putting سَوْفَ( saufa ) before it or to indicate near future by prefixing سَ ( sa ). For example, سَيَكْتُبُ زَيْدٌ ( sayaktubu zaidun ) meaning ‘Zaid will write’.
3. A present tense imperfect verb may be found in one of three grammatical moods i.e. the indicative, the subjunctive and the jussive.
4. Note that mood is only applicable to imperfect verbs and not perfect verbs, فِعْلٌ مَاضِىٌ ( fi’il madhi ).
5. Table 39 below shows some features of the moods.

TABLE 39 FEATURES OF THE MOODS OF THE IMPERFECT

MOODS	INDICATIVE	SUBJUNCTIVE	JUSSIVE
Traditional Arabic	مَرْفُوعٌ ( marfuʿ )	مَنْصُوبٌ ( manṣub )	مَجْزُومٌ ( majzum )
Ending of the imperfect	ُ ( dhommah )	َ ( fathah )	ْ ( sukun )
Use of the verb	‘default form’	intent, purpose, expectation, permission, possibility or necessity	command, prohibition, as a result of an imperative, in conditional clauses
Particles that bring about the changes	Absence of any particle	Kindly see Table 40 below.	Kindly see Table 41 below.

TABLE 40 THE SUBJUNCTIVE

No	PARTICLES THAT CHANGE THE ENDING	ENGLISH	EXAMPLES	ENGLISH
1)	أَنْ an	that	أَنْ يَذْهَبَ an yazhaba	That he goes.
2)	لَنْ lan	certainly not	لَنْ يَذْهَبَ lan yazhaba	He will never go.
3)	إِذَنْ izan	in that case	إِذَنْ يَذْهَبَ izan yazhaba	In that case he goes.
4)	كَيْ kai	in order that	كَيْ يَذْهَبَ kai yazhaba	In order that he goes.

TABLE 41 THE JUSSIVE

No	PARTICLES THAT CHANGE THE ENDING	ENGLISH	EXAMPLES	ENGLISH
1)	لَمْ lam	not	لَمْ يَفْعَلْ lam yaf’al	He did not do.
2)	ل ‘lam’	lam of command	لِيُنْفِقْ ذُو سَعَةٍ liyunfiq zu sa’at	The prosperous must spend.
3)	لا la	لا of prohibition	لَا تَحْزَنْ la tahzan	Do not grieve.
4)	إِنْ in	if	إِنْ تَعْجَلْ تَنْدَمْ in ta’jal tandam	If you hurry, you will regret.
5)	لَمَّا lamma	never	لَمَّا يَضْرِبْ lamma yadhrib	He never beats.

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Lesson 15

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 15 INNA AND HER SISTERS

1. The particle إِنَّ ( inna ) is known as an accusative particle , حُرُوفُ الْنَصَبٌ ( huruful nasab ) because of its effect on the case ending of its subject.
2. Like the verb كَانَ ( kaana ), an accusative particle will take a subject and a predicate. Due to this similarity, these particles are considered to be verblike بِالْفِعْلُ اَلْحُرُوفُ الْمُشَبِهُ ( alhuruful mushabihu bilfi’lu ).
3. When إِنَّ ( inna ) and her sisters are added to a nominal sentence, the meaning of the sentence changes. For example, تَاجِرٌ أَحْمَدٌ ( Ahmadun tajirun ) means ‘Ahmad is a merchant’. Whereas تَاجِرٌ أَحْمَدً إِنَّ ( inna Ahmadan tajirun ) means ‘Indeed Ahmad is a merchant’.
4. The above nominal sentence is analysed thus :
1. إِنَّ ( inna ) , indeed, is the particle which resembles the verb, اَلْحُرُوفُ الْمُشَبِهُ بِالْفِعْلُ ( alhuruful mushabihu bilfi’lu ).
2. أَحْمَدً ( Ahmadan ) Ahmad, is the subject of inna, إِنَّ إِسْمٌ ( isim inna ).
3. تَاجِرٌ ( tajirun ) a merchant, is the predicate of inna, إِنَّ خَبَرٌ ( khabar inna ).
5. These particles bring about a vowel change in their subject and predicate, exactly in the opposite fashion as kaana i.e.
1. the subject of inna will be in the accusative case
2. the predicate of inna remains in the nominative case
6. Kindly see Table 37 below which lists some of these particles.

TABLE 37 INNA AND HER SISTERS


No	PARTICLES	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	إِنَّ	inna	indeed
2)	أَنَّ	anna	that
3)	كَأَنَّ	ka-anna	as if
4)	لَكِنَّ	lakinna	but
5)	لَعَلَّ	la’alla	so that
6)	لَيْتَ	laita	wish



7. Kindly see Table 38 below for some examples of the nominal sentences which are written without or with inna and her sisters. Please note the vowel changes that occur.

TABLE 38 SENTENCES WITHOUT OR WITH INNA AND HER SISTERS

No	WITHOUT INNA AND HER SISTERS	WITH INNA AND HER SISTERS	ENGLISH
1)	اَلْهَرَمُ قَدِيمٌ alharamu qadimun	إِنَّ اَلْهَرَمَ قَدِيمٌ inna alharama qadimun	Indeed the pyramid is old.
2)	اَلْقَمَرُ مِصْبَاحٌ فِي اَلْصَّحْرآء alqamaru misbahun fi assahra’	كَأَنَّ اَلْقَمَرَ مِصْبَاحٌ فِي اَلْصَّحْرآء ka-anna alqamara misbahun fi assahra’	As if the moon was a lamp in the desert.

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Lesson 14

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 14 KAANA AND HER SISTERS

1. كَانَ ( kaana ) and her sisters are called verbs of incomplete predication, اَلْاَفْعَالُ اَلنَّاقِصَةُ ( al-af’alu annaqisah ).
2. These verbs express the idea of a state of continuation e.g. when it is said كَانَ أَحْمَدٌ ( kaana Ahmadun ) meaning ‘Ahmad was’, the person who hears the expression might ask, “ What was Ahmad? ”.
3. If it is said تَاجِرًا كَانَ أَحْمَدٌ ( kaana Ahmadun tajiran ) meaning ‘Ahmad was a merchant’, the predicate is complete.
4. The above nominal sentence is analysed thus :
1. كَانَ ( kaana ) is the verb of incomplete predication, اَلْفِعْلُ اَلنَّاقِصُ ( alfi’lu annaqis).
2. أَحْمَدٌ ( Ahmadun ) is the subject of kaana, كَانَ إِسْمٌ ( isim kaana ).,
3. تَاجِرًا ( tajiran ) is the predicate of kaana, خَبَرٌ كَانَ( khabar kaana ).
5. As mentioned earlier, both the subject and the predicate of a nominal sentence are in the nominative case. The verbs kaana and her sisters, when introduced at the beginning of a nominal sentence, bring about certain vowel changes, in respect of the subject and predicate, as follows :
1. the subject of kaana remains in the nominative case
2. the predicate of kaana will be in the accusative case
6. Kindly see Table 32 below which lists some of these verbs.

TABLE 32 KAANA AND HER SISTERS

No	VERBS	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	كَانَ	kaana	to be
2)	صَارَ	saara	to become
3)	أَصْبَحَ	asbaha	to become at dawn
4)	أَضْحَى	adhaa	to become in the forenoon
5)	أَمْسَى	amsaa	to become in the evening
6)	بَاتَ	baata	to become during the night
7)	ظَلَّ	zalla	to remain
8)	لَيْسَ	laisa	not to be



7. Kindly see Table 33 below for some examples of the nominal sentences which are written without or with kaana and her sisters. Please note the vowel changes that occur.

TABLE 33 SENTENCES WITHOUT OR WITH KAANA AND HER SISTERS

No	WITHOUT KAANA AND HER SISTERS.	WITH KAANA AND HER SISTERS.	ENGLISH
1)	اَلْوَلَدُ لَاعِبٌ alwaladu laa’ibun	كَانَ اَلْوَلَدُ لَاعِباً kaana alwaladu laa’iban	The boy was playing.
2)	اَلْجَوُّ حَارٌّ aljauwu harrun	صَارَ اَلْجَوُّ حَارًّا saara aljauwu harran	The weather became hot.
3)	اَلْمَطَرُ غَزِيْرٌ almataru ghazirun	أَصْبَحَ اَلْمَطَرُ غَزِيْراً asbaha almataru ghaziran	Rain became abundant at dawn.
4)	اَلْجُنْدِيُّ شُجَاعٌ aljundiyu shujaa-un	ظَلَّ اَلْجُنْدِيُّ شُجَاعاً zalla aljundiyu shujaa-an	The soldier remained brave.
5)	اَلْبِنَاءُ قَوِيٌ albina-u qawiyun	لَيْسَ اَلْبِنَاءُ قَوِياً laisa albina-u qawiyan	The building is not strong



8. Kindly see Table 34 below for the conjugation of Kaana in the perfect tense.

TABLE 34 PERFECT TENSE OF KAANA

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	PERFECT TENSE		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib ) THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	مذكر Masculine	Singular	كَانَ	kaana	He was
		Dual	كَانَا	kaanaa	They ( two) were
		Plural	كَانُوا	kaanuu	They (all) were
	مؤنث Feminine	Singular	كَانَتْ	kaanat	She was
		Dual	كَانَتَا	kaanata	They ( two) were
		Plural	كُنَّ	kunna	They (all) were
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	مذكر Masculine	Singular	كُنْتَ	kunta	You were
		Dual	كُنْتُمَا	kuntuma	You ( two) were
		Plural	كُنْتُمْ	kuntum	You (all) were
	مؤنث Feminine	Singular	كُنْتِ	kunti	You were
		Dual	كُنْتُمَا	kuntuma	You ( two) were
		Plural	كُنْتُنَّ	kuntunna	You (all) were
متكلم ( Mutakalim ) FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	Singular	كُنْتُ	kuntu	I was
		Plural	كُنَّا	kunnaa	We were



9. Kindly see Table 35 below for the conjugation of Kaana in the imperfect tense.

TABLE 35 IMPERFECT TENSE OF KAANA

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	IMPERFECT TENSE		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib ) THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	مذكر Masculine	Singular	يَكُونُ	yakuunu	He will be
		Dual	يَكُونَانِ	yakuunaani	They ( two) will be
		Plural	يَكُونُونَ	yakuunuuna	They (all) will be
	مؤنث Feminine	Singular	تَكُونُ	takuunu	She will be
		Dual	تَكُونَانِ	takuunaani	They ( two) will be
		Plural	يَكُنَّ	takunna	They (all) will be
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	مذكر Masculine	Singular	تَكُونُ	takuunu	You will be
		Dual	تَكُونَانِ	takuunaani	You ( two) will be
		Plural	تَكُونُونَ	takuunuuna	You (all) will be
	مؤنث Feminine	Singular	تَكُونِينَ	takuuniina	You will be
		Dual	تَكُونَانِ	takuunaani	You ( two) will be
		Plural	تَكُنَّ	takunna	You (all) will be
متكلم ( Mutakalim ) FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	Singular	أَكُونُ	akuunu	I will be
		Plural	نَكُونُ	nakuunu	We will be



10. Kindly see Table 36 below for the conjugation of Kaana in the imperatives.

TABLE 36 IMPERATIVES.OF KAANA

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	IMPERATIVES		ENGLISH
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON	مذكر Masculine	Singular	كُنْ	kun	You be
		Dual	كُونَا	kuunaa	You ( two) be
		Plural	كُونُوا	kuunuu	You (all) be
	مؤنث Feminine	Singular	كُونِي	kuunii	You be
		Dual	كُونَا	kuunaa	You ( two) be
		Plural	كُنَّ	kunna	You (all) be

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Lesson 13

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 13 SENTENCES

1. In Arabic, there are two basic types of sentences :
1. the nominal sentence, اَلْجُمْلَةُ الْإِسْمِيَّةُ ( aljumlatul ismiah )
2. the verbal sentence, اَلْجُمْلَةُ الْفِعْلِيَّةُ ( aljumlatul fi’liah )
2. Table 26 below shows the differences between the two types of sentences.

TABLE 26 CHARACTERISTICS OF NOMINAL AND VERBAL SENTENCES

NO		NOMINAL SENTENCE	VERBAL SENTENCE
1)	Begins with	nominals	verbs
2)	Content	roles of subject, مُبْتَدَأٌ (mubtada’) and predicate, خَبَرٌ (khabar )	a verb, فِعْلٌ ( fi’il ) and the role of subject, فَاعِلٌ ( fa’il )
3)	Agreement	Kindly see Table 27 and Table 28 below.	Kindly see Table 29, Table 30 and Table 31 below.
4)	Grammative states	if the subject is a noun alone then both the subject and the predicate are in the nominative case. the verb Kaana and the particle Inna bring about certain vowel changes in respect of the subject and the predicate ( which are explained later ).	When the doer is the subject of the verb, the doer assumes the nominative case.
5)	Other remarks	the subject is normally a definite noun and the predicate is usually indefinite.

TABLE 27

The predicate has to agree with its subject in respect of number and gender i.e. if a subject is masculine or feminine singular, dual or plural the predicate should be likewise.
No	NOMINAL SENTENCE	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	اَلْمُهَنْدِسٌ مَاهِرٌ	almuhandisun mahirun	The engineer is expert.
2)	اَلْمُهَنْدِسَانِ مَاهِراَنِ	almuhandisani mahirani	The two engineers are experts.
3)	اَلْمُهَنْدِسُونَ مَاهِرُونَ	almuhandisuna mahiruna	The engineers are experts.

TABLE 28

If the subject is the plural of any irrational noun, the predicate could be singular feminine.
No	NOMINAL SENTENCE	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	اَلْمَدَارِسُ مَفْتُوحَةٌ	almadarisu maftuhatun	The schools are open.

TABLE 29

If the subject is masculine singular, dual or plural, the verb is put in the third person singular masculine.
No	VERBAL SENTENCE	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	ذَهَبَ رَجُلٌ	zahaba rajulun	A man went.
2)	ذَهَبَ رَجُلَانِ	zahaba rajulani	Two men went.
3)	ذَهَبَ رِجَالٌ	zahaba rijalun	Many men went.

TABLE 30

If the subject is feminine singular, dual or plural, the verb is put in the third person singular feminine.
No	VERBAL SENTENCE	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	ذَهَبَتْ بِنْتٌ	zahabat bintun	A girl went.
2)	ذَهَبَتْ بِنْتَانِ	zahabat bintani	Two girls went.
3)	ذَهَبَتْ بَنَاتٌ	zahabat banatun	Many girls went.

TABLE 31

If the subject is a collective noun, the verb may be in the third person, singular, masculine or feminine.
No	VERBAL SENTENCE	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
1)	تَنَاوَلَتْ اَلْاُسْرَةُ اَلْعَشَاءَ	tanawalat al-usrah al-asha’	The family took supper.

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Lesson 12

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 12 PARTICLES - HARFUN

1. A particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e. it does not have its own lexical definition.
2. All 80 particles are mabni words i.e. they remain static or stationary in their original form under all the varied conditions.
3. 63 of them are accusative i.e. they change the ending of the words that come after them and 17 are non-accusative.
4. Harfun are divided into many categories. Kindly see table 25 below for some of the most common particles in the Al- Quran.

TABLE 25 COMMON PARTICLES

NO	CATEGORY	HARFUN			ENGLISH
1)	حُرُوفُ الْجَرٌ ( Huruful Jar ) A preposition : is accusative is followed by a noun causes the noun that follows it to end with a kasrah i.e. it makes its ending majrur or the genitive case is the most encountered category in the Al- Quran.	i	مِنْ	min	from
		ii	إِلَى	ila	to, towards
		iii	عَنْ	‘an	from, about
		iv	عَلَى	‘ala	on, upon
		v	فِىْ	fi	in
		vi	بِ	bi	with
		vii	لِ	li	for
		viii	رُبَّ	rubba	may be
		ix	كَ	ka	like, as
2)	حُرُوفُ الْنَصَبٌ Huruful Nasab : is accusative causes the word that follows it to end with a fathah i.e. it makes its ending mansub or the accusative case	i	أنْ	an	that
		ii	لَنْ	lan	certainly not
		iii	إِذَنْ	izan	in that case
		iv	كَى	kai	in order that
3)	حُرُوفُ الْعَطَفٌ ( Huruful ‘Atof ) A coordinating conjunction : connects two words, phrases or clauses together causes two words which are related through it to have the same case ending.	i	وَ	wa	and
		ii	أَوْ	au	or
		iii	فَ	fa	then
		iv	أَمْ	am	or
		v	ثُمَّ	thumma	and then
4)	حُرُوفُ الْجَزَمٌ Huruful Jazam is accusative causes the verb that follows it to end with a sukun i.e. it makes its ending majzum or vowelless.	i	لَمْ	lam	not
		ii	لَمَّا	lamma	never
		iii	لِ أمر	lam amar	lam of command
		iv	لَا نهى	lam nahi	lam of prohibition
		v	إِنْ	in	if
5)	حُرُوفُ الْنِدَاءٌ (Huruful Nida’) A vocative particle : is accusative is followed by a noun causes the noun that follows it to end with a fathah i.e. it makes its ending mansub or the accusative case	i	يَا	yaa	O
		ii	أَ	a	hey
		iii	اَيَّا	aiyaa	O
6)	حُرُوفُ الْإِسْتِثْنَاءٌ ( Huruful Istisna’ ) An exceptive particle : is accusative is followed by a noun causes the noun that follows it to end with a fathah i.e. it makes its ending mansub or the accusative case	i	إِلَّا	illa	except
		ii	غَيْرُ	ghairu	not, other than
		iii	سِوَى	siwa	except
		iv	لَيْسَ	laisa	not
7)	الْتَوْكِيدٌ حُرُوفُ ( Huruful Taukid ) An emphatic particle : is accusative is used to add emphasis	i	إِنَّ	inna	indeed
		ii	أَنَّ	anna	that
		iii	قَدْ	qad	indeed
		iv	لَ	la	surely

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