Lesson 11

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 11 VERBS : FI’IL AMAR

1. As mentioned earlier, verbs have three aspects. One of them is the imperative, أَمْرٌ فعل ( fi’il amar ), signifying a command or request or a prohibition.
2. The imperative is formed from the imperfect second person. Rules for making the imperative are as in Table 22 below.

TABLE 22 RULES FOR MAKING THE IMPERATIVE

1)	Look at the letter after the sign of the imperfect tense	Has a vowel sign	Has no vowel sign	Has no vowel sign	Has no vowel sign
2)	Look at the vowel of the second radical	-	ُ (dhommah)	َ (fathah)	ِ (kasrah)
3)	Imperfect second person	تَزِنُ	تَكْرُمُ	تَفْتَحُ	تَجْلِسُ
		tazinu	takrumu	taftahu	tajlisu
4)	English	you weigh	you honour	you open	you sit
5)	Then the sign of the imperfect tense	is dropped	is dropped	is dropped	is dropped
6)	To the beginning	-	add أ	add إ	add إ
7)	أ gets	-	ُ (dhommah)	ِ (kasrah)	ِ (kasrah)
8)	The last letter gets	ْ (sukun)	ْ (sukun)	ْ (sukun)	ْ (sukun)
9)	Imperative	زِنْ	أُكْرُمْ	إِفْتَحْ	إِجْلِسْ
		zin	ukrum	iftah	ijlis
10)	English	Weigh!	Honour!	Open!	Sit!



3. After adopting the above procedures, if any of the weak letters, ا,و,ي are found at the end, they are also dropped. So is ن , which is used as a vowel.
4. Kindly see table 23 and table 24 below for the conjugation of the imperatives.

TABLE 23 THE IMPERATIVES, أَمْرٌ فعل , FI’IL AMAR

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	IMPERFECT TENSE		IMPERATIVES		ENGLISH
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	تَفْعَلُ	taf’alu	إِفْـعَـلْ	if’al	You do !
		مثنى Dual	تَفْعَلَانِ	taf’alani	إِفْـعَـلَا	if’alaa	You (two) do !
		جمع Plural	تَفْعَلُونَ	taf’aluna	إِفْـعَـلُوا	if’alu	You (all) do !
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	تَفْعَلِينَ	taf’alina	إِفْـعَـلِى	if’ali	You do !
		مثنى Dual	تَفْعَلَانِ	taf’alani	إِفْـعَـلَا	if’alaa	You (two) do !
		جمع Plural	تَفْعَلْنَ	taf’alna	إِفْـعَـلْنَ	if’alna	You (all) do !


TABLE 24 EXAMPLES OF THE IMPERATIVES, أَمْرٌ فعل , FI’IL AMAR

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	IMPERFECT TENSE		IMPERATIVES		ENGLISH
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	تَنْصُرُ	tansuru	اُنْصُرْ	unsur	You help !
		مثنى Dual	تَنْصُرَانِ	tansurani	اُنْصُرَا	unsura	You ( two) help !
		جمع Plural	تَنْصُرُونَ	tansuruna	اُنْصُرُوا	unsuru	You (all) help !
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	تَنْصُرِينَ	tansurina	اُنْصُرِي	unsuri	You help !
		مثنى Dual	تَنْصُرَانِ	tansurani	اُنْصُرَا	unsura	You ( two) help !
		جمع Plural	تَنْصُرْنَ	tansurna	اُنْصُرْنَ	unsurna	You (all) help !

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Lesson 10

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 10 VERBS : FI’IL MUDHORI’

1. As mentioned earlier, the imperfect tense, مُضَارِعٌ فعل ( fi’il mudhori’ ), denotes an incomplete action ( roughly corresponds to the present or present continuous or future tenses in English ).
2. The imperfect tense is made from the three radical letters of the perfect tense and with the addition of either ت (ta), ا (alif), ن (nun) or ي (ya) which are the signs of the imperfect tense. Kindly see Table 20 and Table 21 below for the conjugation of the imperfect tense.

TABLE 20 IMPERFECT TENSE, مُضَارِعٌ فعل, FI’IL MUDHORI’

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	IMPERFECT TENSE		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib ) THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	Masculine	Singular	يَفْعَلُ	yaf’alu	He does
		Dual	يَفْعَلَانِ	yaf’alani	They (two) do
		Plural	يَفْعَلُونَ	yaf’aluna	They (all) do
	Feminine	Singular	تَفْعَلُ	taf’alu	She does
		Dual	تَفْعَلَانِ	taf’alani	They (two) do
		Plural	يَفْعَلْنَ	yaf’alna	They (all) do
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	Masculine	Singular	تَفْعَلُ	taf’alu	You do
		Dual	تَفْعَلَانِ	taf’alani	You (two) do
		Plural	تَفْعَلُونَ	taf’aluna	You (all) do
	Feminine	Singular	تَفْعَلِينَ	taf’alina	You do
		Dual	تَفْعَلَانِ	taf’alani	You (two) do
		Plural	تَفْعَلْنَ	taf’alna	You (all) do
متكلم ( Mutakalim ) FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	Masculine / Feminine	Singular	أفْعَلُ	af’alu	I do
		Plural	نَفْعَلُ	naf’alu	We do

TABLE 21 EXAMPLE OF IMPERFECT TENSE, مُضَارِعٌ فعل, FI’IL MUDHORI’

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	IMPERFECT TENSE		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib ) THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	Masculine	Singular	يَنْصُرُ	yansuru	He helps
		Dual	يَنْصُرَانِ	yansurani	They (two) help
		Plural	يَنْصُرُونَ	yansuruna	They (all) help
	Feminine	Singular	تَنْصُرُ	tansuru	She helps
		Dual	تَنْصُرَانِ	tansurani	They (two) help
		Plural	يَنْصُرْنَ	yansurna	They (all) help
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	Masculine	Singular	تَنْصُرُ	tansuru	You help
		Dual	تَنْصُرَانِ	tansurani	You (two) help
		Plural	تَنْصُرُونَ	tansuruna	You (all) help
	Feminine	Singular	تَنْصُرِينَ	tansurina	You help
		Dual	تَنْصُرَانِ	tansurani	You ( two) help
		Plural	تَنْصُرْنَ	tansurna	You (all) help
متكلم ( Mutakalim ) FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	Masculine / Feminine	Singular	أَنْصُرُ	ansuru	I help
		Plural	نَنْصُرُ	nansuru	We help

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Lesson 8

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 9 VERBS : FI’IL MADHI

1. The Arabic verb is mostly triliteral i.e. it is based on roots of three consonants, called radicals e.g. فَعَلَ ( fa’ala ) which means to do.
2. There are some quadriliteral verbs too which consist of four radical letters e.g تَرْجَمَ ( tarjama ) which means to translate.
3. In books of Arabic grammar, the three consonants of the verb فَعَلَ ( fa’ala ) are used to indicate the patterns of all verbs whether triliteral or quadriliteral verbs and their derivatives.
1. ف represents the first radical
2. ع represents the second radical
3. ل represents the third radical
4. In Arabic dictionaries, a verb in the form of the third person, singular, masculine, perfect tense and in the active voice is given first followed by its derivatives. The meaning given would be in the infinite e.g. to do for فَعَلَ ( fa’ala ) and to help for نَصَرَ ( nasara ) whereas the actual meaning of فَعَلَ is he did and that of نَصَرَ is he helped.
5. As mentioned in the previous lessons, the verbs should agree with the nouns and pronouns in respect of number, gender, definiteness and case ending.
6. In Arabic, the verbs, like the nouns, pronouns and adjectives have three numbers : singular, dual and plural.
7. As mentioned earlier, verbs have three aspects:
1. the perfect, فعل مَاضِىٌ ( fi’il madhi ), denoting a completed action ( roughly corresponds to the past tense in English ). Kindly see Table 18 and Table 19 below for the conjugation of the perfect tense ( fi’il madhi ).
2. the imperfect, مُضَارِعٌ فعل ( fi’il mudhori’ ), denoting an incomplete action ( roughly corresponds to the present or present continuous or future tenses in English ). Kindly see Table 20 and Table 21 in the next lesson.
3. the imperative, أَمْرٌ فعل ( fi’il amar ), signifying a command or request or a prohibition. Kindly see Table 22, table 23 and table 24 in the following lesson.

TABLE 18 PERFECT TENSE فعل مَاضِىٌ : FI’IL MADHI

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	PERFECT TENSE		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib ) THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	فَعَلَ	fa’ala	He did
		مثنى Dual	فَعَلَا	fa’alaa	They (two) did
		جمع Plural	فَعَلُوا	fa’alu	They (all) did
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	فَعَلَتْ	fa’alat	She did
		مثنى Dual	فَعَلَتا	fa’alata	They (two) did
		جمع Plural	فَعَلْنَ	fa’alna	They (all) did
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	فَعَلَتَ	fa’alta	You did
		مثنى Dual	فَعَلَتما	fa’altuma	You (two) did
		جمع Plural	فَعَلْتم	fa’altum	You (all) did
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	فَعَلْتِ	fa’alti	You did
		مثنى Dual	فَعَلْتما	fa’altuma	You (two) did
		جمع Plural	فَعَلتنَّ	fa’altunna	You (all) did
متكلم ( Mutakalim ) FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	فَعَلْتُ	fa’altu	I did
		جمع Plural	فَعَلْنا	fa’alnaa	We did

TABLE 19 EXAMPLES OF PERFECT TENSEفعل مَاضِىٌ : FI’IL MADHI

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	PERFECT TENSE		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib ) THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	نَصَرَ	nasara	He helped
		مثنى Dual	نَصَرَا	nasaraa	They (two) helped
		جمع Plural	نَصَرُوا	nasaru	They (all) helped
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	نَصَرَتْ	nasarat	She helped
		مثنى Dual	نَصَرَتَا	nasarata	They (two) helped
		جمع Plural	نَصَرْنَ	nasarna	They (all) helped
مخاطب ( Mukhatob ) SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	نَصَرْتَ	nasarta	You
		مثنى Dual	نَصَرْتُمَا	nasartuma	You (two) helped
		جمع Plural	نَصَرْتُمْ	nasartum	You (all) helped
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	نَصَرْتِ	nasarti	You helped
		مثنى Dual	نَصَرْتُمَا	nasartuma	You (two) helped
		جمع Plural	نَصَرْتُنَّ	nasartunna	You (all) helped
متكلم ( Mutakalim ) FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	نَصَرْتُ	nasartu	I helped
		جمع Plural	نَصَرْنَا	nasarnaa	We helped

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Lesson 7

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 7 NOMINALS : PRONOUNS - PART 3

1. A demonstrative pronoun, الْإِشَارَةِ إِسْمُ ( ismul isharah ) is a pronoun used in place of a noun to demonstrate or point where something or somebody is in reference to the speaker. Kindly see Table 14 below.

TABLE 14 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, أَسْمَاءُ الْإِشَارَةِ ( asmaul isharah )

	GENDER	PLURALITY	PRONOUNS	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
قريب FOR NEAR OBJECTS	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	هَذَا	hazaa	this
		مثنى Dual	هَذَانِ	hazaani	these
		جمع Plural	هَؤُلَاءِ	ha-ulaa-i	these
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	هَذِهِ	hazihi	this
		مثنى Dual	هَاتَانِ	haataani	these
		جمع Plural	هَؤُلَاءِ	ha-ulaa-i	these
بعيد FOR DISTANT OBJECTS	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	ذَلِكَ	zalika	that
		مثنى Dual	ذَانِكَ	zaanika	those
		جمع Plural	أَوْلَئِكَ	ula-ika	those
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	تِلْكَ	tilka	that
		مثنى Dual	تَانِكَ	taanika	those
		جمع Plural	أَوْلَئِكَ	ula-ika	those




2. Arelative pronoun إِسْمُ الْمَوْصُوْلِ ( ismul mausul ) is a pronounwhich connects a relative clause to its main clause. Kindly see Table 15 below.

TABLE 15 RELATIVE PRONOUNS, أَسْمَاءُ الْمَوْصُولِ ( asmaul mausul )

GENDER	PLURALITY	PRONOUNS	TRANSLITERATION	ENGLISH
مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	الّذِيْ	allazi	that which whom who
	مثنى Dual	الّذَانِ	allazaani
	جمع Plural	الذِيْنَ	allazina
مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	الّتِيْ	allati
	مثنى Dual	الّتَانِ	allataani
	جمع Plural	الّلَاتِيْ	allaati
مذكر Masculine / مؤنث Feminine	All pluralities	مَنْ	man	who
		مَا	ma	what

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Lesson 6

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 6 NOMINALS : PRONOUNS - PART 2

1. The attached pronouns are suffixes that appear at the end of words. When the pronouns are suffixed to :
1. a verb, it becomes its direct object. Kindly see Table 10 and Table 11 below.
2. a noun, it becomes its possessive pronoun. Kindly see Table 12 and Table 13 below.

TABLE 10 DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	ATTACHED PERSONAL PRONOUNS
THIRD غائب ( Ghaib)	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	هُ	hu
		مثنى Dual	هُمَا	huma
		جمع Plural	هُمْ	hum
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	هَا	ha
		مثنى Dual	هُمَا	huma
		جمع Plural	هُنَّ	hunna
SECOND مخاطب ( Mukhatob )	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	كَ	ka
		مثنى Dual	كُمَا	kuma
		جمع Plural	كُمْ	kum
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	كِ	ki
		مثنى Dual	كُمَا	kuma
		جمع Plural	كُنَّ	kunna
FIRST متكلم ( Mutakalim )	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	ىْ	i
		جمع Plural	نَا	na

TABLE 11 DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB ( EXAMPLE )

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	EXAMPLE		ENGLISH
THIRD غائب ( Ghaib)	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	ضَرَبَهُ	dorobahu	He struck him.
		مثنى Dual	ضَرَبَهُمَا	dorobahuma	He struck them.
		جمع Plural	ضَرَبَهُمْ	dorobahum	He struck them.
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	ضَرَبَهَا	dorobaha	He struck her.
		مثنى Dual	ضَرَبَهُمَا	dorobahuma	He struck them.
		جمع Plural	ضَرَبًهُنَّ	dorobahunna	He struck them.
SECOND مخاطب ( Mukhatob )	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	ضَرَبَكَ	dorobaka	He struck you.
		مثنى Dual	ضَرَبَكُمَا	dorobakuma	He struck you.
		جمع Plural	ضَرَبَكُمْ	dorobakum	He struck you.
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	ضَرَبَكِ	dorobaki	He struck you.
		مثنى Dual	ضَرَبَكُمَا	dorobakuma	He struck you.
		جمع Plural	ضَرَبَكُنَّ	dorobakunna	He struck you.
FIRST متكلم ( Mutakalim )	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	ضَرَبَيْ	dorobai	He struck me.
		جمع Plural	ضَرَبَنَا	dorobana	He struck us.

TABLE 12 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	ATTACHED PERSONAL PRONOUNS
THIRD غائب ( Ghaib)	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	هُ	hu
		مثنى Dual	هُمَا	huma
		جمع Plural	هُمْ	hum
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	هَا	ha
		مثنى Dual	هُمَا	huma
		جمع Plural	هُنَّ	hunna
SECOND مخاطب ( Mukhatob )	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	كَ	ka
		مثنى Dual	كُمَا	kuma
		جمع Plural	كُمْ	kum
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	كِ	ki
		مثنى Dual	كُمَا	kuma
		جمع Plural	كُنَّ	kunna
FIRST متكلم ( Mutakalim )	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	ىْ	i
		جمع Plural	نَا	na

TABLE 13 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ( EXAMPLE )

PERSON	GENDER	PLURALITY	EXAMPLE		ENGLISH
THIRD غائب ( Ghaib )	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	كِتَابُهُ	kitabuhu	his book
		مثنى Dual	كِتَابُهُمَا	kitabuhuma	their book
		جمع Plural	كِتَابُهُمْ	kitabuhum	their book
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	كِتَابُهَا	kitabuha	her book
		مثنى Dual	كِتَابُهُمَا	kitabuhuma	their book
		جمع Plural	كِتَابُهُنَّ	kitabuhunna	their book
SECOND مخاطب ( Mukhatob )	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	كِتَابُكَ	kitabuka	your book
		مثنى Dual	كِتَابُكُمَا	kitabukuma	your book
		جمع Plural	كِتَابُكُمْ	kitabukum	your book
	مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	كِتَابُكِ	kitabuki	your book
		مثنى Dual	كِتَابُكُمَا	kitabukuma	your book
		جمع Plural	كِتَابُكُنَّ	kitabukunna	your book
FIRST متكلم ( Mutakalim )	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	كِتَابِيْ	kitabi	my book
		جمع Plural	كِتَابُنَا	kitabuna	our book

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Lesson 5

In the name of Allah, Most Beneficent, Most Merciful.

Assalamu'alaikum and greetings to all.


LESSON 5 NOMINALS : PRONOUNS - PART 1

1. The pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
2. In Arabic, there are three different categories of pronouns :
1. personal pronouns
2. demonstrative pronouns
3. relative pronouns
3. Personal pronouns are of two varieties :
1. independent or detached pronouns, ضمائر منفصلة ( dhomairu munfasilah)
2. attached pronouns, ضمائر متصلة ( dhomairu mutasilah)
4. The independent or detached pronouns are personal pronouns. They act as subject in a nominal sentence. Kindly see Table 9 below.
   

Table 9 PERSONAL PRONOUNS

PERSON	ENGLISH	GENDER	PLURALITY	DETACHED PERSONAL PRONOUNS		ENGLISH
غائب ( Ghaib )	THIRD PERSON i.e the person you are speaking about	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	هُوَ	huwa	He
			مثنى Dual	هُمَا	huma	They (two)
			جمع Plural	هُمْ	hum	They (all)
		مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	هِىَ	hiya	She
			مثنى Dual	هُمَا	huma	They (two)
			جمع Plural	هُنَّ	hunna	They (all)
مخاطب ( Mukhatob )	SECOND PERSON i.e the person you are speaking to	مذكر Masculine	مفرد Singular	أَنْتَ	anta	You
			مثنى Dual	أَنْتُمَا	antuma	You (two)
			جمع Plural	أْنْتُمْ	antum	You (all)
		مؤنث Feminine	مفرد Singular	أَنْتِ	anti	You
			مثنى Dual	أَنْتُمَا	antuma	You (two)
			جمع Plural	أَنْتُنَّ	antunna	You (all)
متكلم ( Mutakalim )	FIRST PERSON i.e the person who is speaking	مذكر / مؤنث Masculine / Feminine	مفرد Singular	أَنَا	ana	I
			جمع Plural	نَحْنُ	nahnu	We (two or more)

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